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If singing is vibrating, moving, the body

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what moves exactly?

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Let's try to get inside the throat

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go in through the nose or mouth and enter the tube

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to get to the bottom to the vocal folds

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What would happen if we were to go inside?

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Let's put a tube in the mouth

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In this case, Santi has not only stretched the VF

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but also tightened and the false vocal cords

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and the laryngeal vestibule close a little

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In this case, you see that the false vocal folds close a little

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When the system works well

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a movement is produced in the VF, causing a wave

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and which is vibration

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This movement is similar to a wave

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But if we observe slowly

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we realized the the VF has tightened so much

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that he has almost run out of voice

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In a situation of maximum tension and stiffness

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the VF can no longer create a mucosal wave

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it has passed from maximum flexibility to a state of rigidity

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Can you see the mucosal wave?

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There is always mucus on the surface of the VF

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and this is what makes the VF move

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without mucus it cannot move

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And now, can you see

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how on the piano level the wave gets smaller?

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The VF don't close

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and they leave much more space between the edges

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The forte is the opposite

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a huge mucosal wave is produced

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because the air comes out under greater pressure

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We have seen maximum rigidity

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the VF lock and no sound is produced at all

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Elasticity is fundamental and it is also important

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that the VF approach each other in order to produce a wave

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Let's make life a little more difficult for Santi

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We now go down his nose

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A tube down the nose is a little more uncomfortable

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(through the mouth it is normally more acceptable

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much faster,except if you suffer from nausea

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and in fact around 10% of people

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feel nausea simply brushing their teeth)

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but it can be done

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So let's do it going through the nose and singing

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Let's see first how the soft palate moves

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and then the VF and vocal tract

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"Shall we listen to him singing first?"

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The question is:

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"Could you imagined what Santi looks like inside?

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Or have you just seen his outward appearance?

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We might be able to imagine his insides

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but it´s necessary to have a clearer idea of

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how he is built

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but let's try to imagine

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and above all try to see inside him

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using these endoscopic instruments

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Let's go inside

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We enter through the nose

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this is the bridge of the nose

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and to the side there are a number of structures

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called turbinates,that moisturize the air that enters

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Further back, there are several turbinates

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this one here you see is more swollen

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and at the back of the nose

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we have adenoids and at the bottom the soft palate

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You have seen that when he tried

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to find more harmonics

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he has to close the soft palate

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it doesn't help simply resting it against the pharyngeal wall

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It is necessary to close it otherwise the harmonics escape

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You have to find the place where it can resonate

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in the head and not go through the nose

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What happens in the second part of the song?

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We will see that he also seeks a harmonic area

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and does the same thing again

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You can see that the cavity always tries to open to a maximum

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If the cavity closes the sound does not progress very far

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and a strangled sound is produced

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What would happen if the sound becomes strangled?

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Now he is going to produce a strangled sound

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He finds this difficult as he is a professional singer

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but he will try to close a little

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We will see that by closing the sound changes as does the cavity

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Shall we see?

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What do you feel inside?

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I did it on purpose, and I opened this space

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while trying to sing at the same time

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Have you seen how open it is? That's what I do, open it

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Now, can you sing the same thing tighter?

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Excellent. It is very,very clear

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This is a very difficult area to control

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We call it the vocal tract

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and this area is extremely difficult to control

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because there is not a single muscle that performs the action we want

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There are muscles that can make a similar function together

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and produce the desired effects

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and it is the result of the movement of his jaw

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how we throw down the larynx to find the point

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where the throat works best

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And these movements are different for each singer

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each man and woman, even each soprano

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Everyone has to adapt their own cavity to obtain the best result

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It is a privilege to see this when a singer is singing

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And this fact has only been possible in the last few years

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Endoscopes began to be used around the 80s

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and before that we used techniques from 100 years ago

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But now that I can see every day

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everyone wants a little more

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I would like to see how the pieces move

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Wouldn't you like to see what it all does?

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Let's imagine how Kiri Te Kanawa sings

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and how she makes the tongue move

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Is it a lot or not?

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With the endoscope we cannot see the tongue

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It can be seen from outside

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we can see a little bit when you sing or speak

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but we can't see the deep tongue

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Our tongue is huge, really huge

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And if we understood how it moves

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it would be easier to learn how to use it

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Now, we will do an exercise of imagination

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when KiriTeKanawa sings, "Mio bambino caro"

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and we imagine what is happening in the throat

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All right?We will do this task

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What you can see is an MRI in real time

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It is a new technique because when you performance a resonance

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the first thing that you say is "do not move, please"

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And we remain in the same position for a long time

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This new MRI in real time was carried out by the "Span group"

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an engineering and linguistics research team from the University of Southern California

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They have released a real-time dynamic resonance

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that permits us to see the body movements with clarity

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The first devices are now being manufactured in different places

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but perhaps soon we will be able to accurately analyze

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and also teach how a person should place their tongue

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It would be possible to look at the person teaching you

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and correct you with a visual control that can give you much better help

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In Spain, the MRI in Real time has not yet arrived, but it will come

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It will be used for speakers and for singers, to study heart problems

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and to see how other functional situations work

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And when you can see how things work you can give a better solution to the patient

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Of course, one of the most immediate applications of this technique

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has been the study of movements of the tongue

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Did you find it interesting to see how the tongue is moving?

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Did you imagine that we had such a large, dynamic tongue, as we have seen?

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Do you think it is difficult to control?

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Very difficult, isn't it?

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Look how agile the tongue is

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It is amazing

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And look how the lips are used to generate pressure.

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Santi, after seeing this MRI what do you think about this movement?

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Tell us,when you analyzed the videos, what ideas did you have?

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Well, this video gives you a precise idea of the movements

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that a singer makes when they are singing

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We even found movement defects too, i.e.,

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when we can hear a tight sound produced by the soprano

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this corresponds to when the tongue is placed to the back of the mouth

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at the time of an acute tone it appears

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that the tongue is pulled back

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rather than thrown forward

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The movement of the vocal tract in a singer with these devices is clear

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In the future, this system will be able to help us a lot

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Why do I say this?

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Because, today, a singer can only work with a piano and the ear teacher

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who tells you, this sound is good or not

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But with this device, you can see the movement of the tongue

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and the movement of the complete instrument can't you?

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So, for me, viewing the vocal tract contributes

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to taking control of the tongue, which is very important

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(a singer knows that almost 70% of the pronunciation is guided by the tongue)

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Having a device that shows you the inside is great

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because you're seeing each phrase, each note

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every musical leap, you are seeing if the tongue's position is correct

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if you are just opening, as we saw earlier using endoscopy with Alfonso

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This lets me see if it is right or wrong

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because I can compare the sound and the image

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If I use only my ear or my sensations I may or may not detected it

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but if I have a device it is easier

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I now know this defect because I saw that the palate did not rise

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and after when I sing a whole song

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this device lets me see where I have failed

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It is a little slow, and with this system the real movement of the tongue and pharynx

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is not so precise as the analysis of the sound

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but it will be a very great help for singers, no doubt

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When we saw the MRI, the images weren't of KiriTeKanawa

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it was another person who was singing

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but we listened to both together, in parallel

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Now, let's have some fun watching the endoscopy

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When you see the endoscopic systems that doctors use

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the true merit belongs to the engineers who have worked and researched

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and spent hours without sleep so that medicine could save lives

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When an artist such as Sara Lundberg, from Stockholm

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uses these endoscopies she can entertain us a lot