1 00:00:00,100 --> 00:00:07,170 We have a nice powerful tool, which has evolved through time 2 00:00:07,170 --> 00:00:11,280 But do you think,we can benefit from this? 3 00:00:11,280 --> 00:00:14,510 Well, when we saw this girl singing (or perhaps it was a man) 4 00:00:16,610 --> 00:00:18,820 I thought we had a multifaceted instrument 5 00:00:18,820 --> 00:00:22,070 that permits us to produce such a result 6 00:00:22,070 --> 00:00:25,710 When we listen to a beatbox singer make magic sounds 7 00:00:25,710 --> 00:00:29,420 or when we hear the voices of these people who change their voices 8 00:00:29,420 --> 00:00:32,160 it seems that our voiceshave no limits 9 00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:39,560 But the question is what would happen if we were to take something 10 00:00:39,560 --> 00:00:46,770 that is not a natural feature of our species from another, and learn from it? 11 00:00:46,770 --> 00:00:50,000 This process is quite normal 12 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:54,000 e.g.when engineers imitate the fish or bird shape 13 00:00:54,000 --> 00:01:02,870 to improve aerodynamics and later apply this to vehicles or another technology 14 00:01:02,870 --> 00:01:05,810 What happens if we imitate an animal 15 00:01:05,810 --> 00:01:11,180 that emits a sound that is heard 8km away? 16 00:01:41,690 --> 00:01:46,140 I can assure you that when I had an experience 17 00:01:46,140 --> 00:01:50,000 with a roaring lion in Cabárceno (Cantabria zoo) 18 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:59,000 I felt my pants drop, even though I supposed 19 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:02,000 it was many meters away, and I knew that the lion could not escape 20 00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:08,550 It was quite dark, and his roar was terrifying 21 00:02:08,550 --> 00:02:14,860 the feeling I had was that it was nearby 22 00:02:14,870 --> 00:02:18,500 A lion's roar can be heardsome 8 km away 23 00:02:18,500 --> 00:02:19,740 Incredible! 24 00:02:19,740 --> 00:02:28,920 How can this special sound carry so far? 25 00:02:31,800 --> 00:02:35,200 Well, I haven't got the answer 26 00:03:04,670 --> 00:03:06,500 A team of scientists are studying how lions 27 00:03:06,500 --> 00:03:07,450 produce this sound and why 28 00:03:07,450 --> 00:03:11,000 It is clear that it is a matter of natural evolution 29 00:03:11,000 --> 00:03:15,950 One lion may have achieved something with that sound 30 00:03:15,950 --> 00:03:20,340 perhaps making others lions disappear from the area 31 00:03:20,340 --> 00:03:30,220 or provoked a shock in other animals and they could be devoured 32 00:03:30,220 --> 00:03:39,770 So, a special anatomical system was developed in big cats 33 00:03:39,770 --> 00:03:44,660 namely panthers, tigers and lions 34 00:04:46,660 --> 00:04:57,940 The lion's roar reminds us of a trumpet 35 00:04:57,940 --> 00:05:06,180 which transform a very small sound from the lips 36 00:05:06,180 --> 00:05:13,930 into a spectacularly resonant sound through the special cavity 37 00:06:40,000 --> 00:06:44,660 A lion produces huge acoustic energy 38 00:06:44,660 --> 00:06:48,000 that is projected many meters 39 00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:56,740 A team of American scientists has taken a lion 40 00:06:56,740 --> 00:07:09,300 and have made a study of how the larynx is constructed 41 00:07:09,300 --> 00:07:12,600 They took a dead lion, dissected its larynx and made it roar 42 00:07:12,600 --> 00:07:15,800 Can you imagine making the larynx of a dead lion roar? 43 00:07:15,800 --> 00:07:19,830 It is a test that was made on a human larynx in the 1950s 44 00:07:19,830 --> 00:07:37,760 to test if the vocal folds moved through elastic as opposed to neuronal stimulation 45 00:07:40,570 --> 00:07:56,770 We must bring air into the trachea 46 00:07:56,770 --> 00:08:02,210 In fact, this group of scientists carried out a replica of the experiment 47 00:08:02,210 --> 00:08:07,970 with the sound of the lion, to see how it roared and how this is amplified 48 00:09:25,600 --> 00:09:26,630 Incredible! 49 00:09:26,640 --> 00:09:30,790 How lowering the larynx 50 00:09:30,790 --> 00:09:34,920 produces such large resonance in the cavity 51 00:09:34,920 --> 00:09:42,580 People who were watching the experiment were veterinary students 52 00:09:44,000 --> 00:09:49,800 In some way, to achieve this huge sound 53 00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:55,550 the lion tries to connect the frequency of the sound of the larynx 54 00:09:55,550 --> 00:09:59,460 with the resonance of the cavity of the vocal tract 55 00:09:59,460 --> 00:10:04,150 and to do this it lowers the larynx 56 00:10:04,150 --> 00:10:23,000 If it has a larynx sound and can adapt this with precision to the cavity resonance 57 00:10:23,000 --> 00:10:25,650 the sound will be amplified,to be magnified 58 00:10:25,650 --> 00:10:28,960 and the system acts as a kind of catapult 59 00:10:40,400 --> 00:10:41,510 Note that this point 60 00:10:41,510 --> 00:10:47,140 is what a singer is constantly trying to achieve 61 00:10:47,140 --> 00:10:52,730 i.e. finding resonance by coupling the larynx and vocal tract 62 00:10:56,720 --> 00:11:00,910 In addition, in the lion the relationship 63 00:11:00,910 --> 00:11:05,320 between the air coming out of the trachea, and the dimensions of vocal folds 64 00:11:05,320 --> 00:11:09,640 may be a higher ratio than that existing in a man 65 00:11:09,640 --> 00:11:13,600 a man has a smaller trachea, and furthermore, in proportion 66 00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:18,080 a smaller glottis than the lion giving us less acoustic energy 67 00:11:18,080 --> 00:11:21,090 Now, we'll see another experiment 68 00:11:21,090 --> 00:11:25,890 also with the roar of a lion 69 00:11:25,890 --> 00:11:29,650 but in this case performed at home with a drum 70 00:11:29,650 --> 00:12:06,020 In this case, the movement of the string 71 00:12:06,020 --> 00:12:09,820 is transmited and magnified from the drum membrane 72 00:12:09,830 --> 00:12:17,450 that is to say, a micro movement in the string 73 00:12:17,450 --> 00:12:22,430 is causing the same micro movement around the huge drum membrane 74 00:12:22,430 --> 00:12:27,380 Thus, there may be another way for the human voice to develop 75 00:12:27,380 --> 00:12:31,920 So, there is more than one system to produce resonance 76 00:12:31,920 --> 00:12:59,800 the sound and the transmission of movement through the muscles 77 00:13:17,780 --> 00:13:24,750 I wonder if this movement could cause a "shaky voice". 78 00:13:35,580 --> 00:13:42,560 If the movements of the vocal tract are visible, the voice becomes "shaky" 79 00:13:42,560 --> 00:13:47,800 but with micro movements of the vocal tract 80 00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:50,100 and also micro movements of the whole body 81 00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:59,970 the laryngeal sound is amplified, and magnified 82 00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:01,200 I agree with you up to a point 83 00:14:01,200 --> 00:14:04,950 because the "shaky voice"could result from too much pressure 84 00:14:04,950 --> 00:14:06,750 and the body is not synchronized 85 00:14:06,760 --> 00:14:13,850 It is rigid in some area and for that reason vibrates a lot 86 00:14:13,850 --> 00:14:17,990 Exactly, and a "shaky voice" is produced when rigidity is present. 87 00:14:17,990 --> 00:14:22,470 And also the wrong pressure is produced in the lower body. 88 00:14:22,470 --> 00:14:27,780 It's produced by a maladjustment 89 00:14:27,780 --> 00:14:31,780 between the pressure and muscle tension 90 00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:36,140 Santi, can you produce a "shaky voice", please 91 00:14:46,500 --> 00:14:51,270 It´s necessary not to have this mistake 92 00:14:51,280 --> 00:14:59,210 because a shaky voice is difficult to shake off 93 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:22,520 The fierce lion's roar is produced by a mixture of factors 94 00:15:22,520 --> 00:15:33,520 the lion places its larynx in a low position 95 00:15:33,520 --> 00:15:42,530 in perfect combination with the length of the tube of the pharynx 96 00:15:42,530 --> 00:15:47,900 The lion's sound is heard far away 97 00:15:47,900 --> 00:15:55,820 and for some reason he is aware of this 98 00:15:55,820 --> 00:15:59,620 And another fact is that the lion's VFs 99 00:15:59,620 --> 00:16:09,030 are very flexible,as we saw this morning with Alessandro 100 00:16:09,030 --> 00:16:16,740 because have a large quantity of fat. 101 00:16:16,740 --> 00:16:22,080 You know that part of my work and research 102 00:16:22,080 --> 00:16:30,370 has been to study the use of a person's own fat 103 00:16:30,370 --> 00:16:36,290 in the vocal folds to repair some illnesses 104 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:52,320 And I know the excellent results that it produces 105 00:16:52,320 --> 00:17:06,160 Yesterday we operated on a patient who had no voice because he has a neurological diseas 106 00:17:06,160 --> 00:17:07,500 that produces a hipophonia 107 00:17:07,500 --> 00:17:13,100 When we implanted his fat into the VFs he said 108 00:17:13,100 --> 00:17:18,690 "Hey! I don't like this voice at all !!!" 109 00:17:18,690 --> 00:17:23,790 but this voice could be heard perfectly because he had a spectacular voice 110 00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,700 The quality of the voice is less important 111 00:17:26,700 --> 00:17:29,670 because in three weeks you can adjust it with vocal therapy 112 00:17:29,670 --> 00:17:43,000 Fat implantation has been a very important discovery for us for us 113 00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:49,080 because with the fat we implant stem cells, 114 00:17:49,080 --> 00:17:58,060 and for that reason we have had such good results. 115 00:17:58,070 --> 00:18:07,920 The stem cells stimulate the proteins of the VF and can be regenerated.